Latest Messinian “Lago-Mare” Lymnocardiinae from Italy: Close relations with the Pontian fauna from the Dacic basin.

Rich hypo- to mesohaline molluscan assemblages characterising the latest Messinian ‘‘Lago-Mare’’ biofacies, composed of prosobranch gastropods (Neritidae, Thiaridae, Melanopsidae, Hydrobiidae) and bivalves of the families Cardiidae (subfamily Lymnocardiinae) and Dreissenidae, are widespread in shallow water basins characterized by low salinities within the Mediterranean realm, during the post-evaporitic phase in the time-span 5.5–5.3 Ma. Several genera and species are recorded in the Italian uppermost Messinian sediments. While the gastropods show endemic character being linked to continental water-systems, Lymnocardiinae and Dreissenidae have strong Paratethyan affinity. New records of significant species of Lymnocardiinae from the uppermost Messinian sediments of Tuscany, Marches and Sicily and the systematic review of the old literature data point out close relations of the Italian fauna with that from the Pontian sediments of the Dacic Basin. The palaeobiogeographical data referred to Messinian and Pontian Lymnocardiinae suggest that the Aegean Basin could be an intermediate basin from whence the Pontian Paratethyan-type fauna migrated into the Mediterranean area during the latest Messinian. Since the ecology of Lymnocardiinae is mainly tied to oligo- and mesohaline water, spreading of suitable habitats in depositional systems of marginal settings characterized by increasing freshwater influx after the ‘‘salinity crisis’’ favoured their dispersal into the Mediterranean area from the Paratethys realm